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# xxhash
[![Go Reference](https://pkg.go.dev/badge/github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2.svg)](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2)
[![Test](https://github.com/cespare/xxhash/actions/workflows/test.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/cespare/xxhash/actions/workflows/test.yml)
xxhash is a Go implementation of the 64-bit [xxHash] algorithm, XXH64. This is a
high-quality hashing algorithm that is much faster than anything in the Go
standard library.
This package provides a straightforward API:
```
func Sum64(b []byte) uint64
func Sum64String(s string) uint64
type Digest struct{ ... }
func New() *Digest
```
The `Digest` type implements hash.Hash64. Its key methods are:
```
func (*Digest) Write([]byte) (int, error)
func (*Digest) WriteString(string) (int, error)
func (*Digest) Sum64() uint64
```
The package is written with optimized pure Go and also contains even faster
assembly implementations for amd64 and arm64. If desired, the `purego` build tag
opts into using the Go code even on those architectures.
[xxHash]: http://cyan4973.github.io/xxHash/
## Compatibility
This package is in a module and the latest code is in version 2 of the module.
You need a version of Go with at least "minimal module compatibility" to use
github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2:
* 1.9.7+ for Go 1.9
* 1.10.3+ for Go 1.10
* Go 1.11 or later
I recommend using the latest release of Go.
## Benchmarks
Here are some quick benchmarks comparing the pure-Go and assembly
implementations of Sum64.
| input size | purego | asm |
| ---------- | --------- | --------- |
| 4 B | 1.3 GB/s | 1.2 GB/s |
| 16 B | 2.9 GB/s | 3.5 GB/s |
| 100 B | 6.9 GB/s | 8.1 GB/s |
| 4 KB | 11.7 GB/s | 16.7 GB/s |
| 10 MB | 12.0 GB/s | 17.3 GB/s |
These numbers were generated on Ubuntu 20.04 with an Intel Xeon Platinum 8252C
CPU using the following commands under Go 1.19.2:
```
benchstat <(go test -tags purego -benchtime 500ms -count 15 -bench 'Sum64$')
benchstat <(go test -benchtime 500ms -count 15 -bench 'Sum64$')
```
## Projects using this package
- [InfluxDB](https://github.com/influxdata/influxdb)
- [Prometheus](https://github.com/prometheus/prometheus)
- [VictoriaMetrics](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics)
- [FreeCache](https://github.com/coocood/freecache)
- [FastCache](https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/fastcache)
- [Ristretto](https://github.com/dgraph-io/ristretto)
- [Badger](https://github.com/dgraph-io/badger)
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#!/bin/bash
set -eu -o pipefail
# Small convenience script for running the tests with various combinations of
# arch/tags. This assumes we're running on amd64 and have qemu available.
go test ./...
go test -tags purego ./...
GOARCH=arm64 go test
GOARCH=arm64 go test -tags purego
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// Package xxhash implements the 64-bit variant of xxHash (XXH64) as described
// at http://cyan4973.github.io/xxHash/.
package xxhash
import (
"encoding/binary"
"errors"
"math/bits"
)
const (
prime1 uint64 = 11400714785074694791
prime2 uint64 = 14029467366897019727
prime3 uint64 = 1609587929392839161
prime4 uint64 = 9650029242287828579
prime5 uint64 = 2870177450012600261
)
// Store the primes in an array as well.
//
// The consts are used when possible in Go code to avoid MOVs but we need a
// contiguous array for the assembly code.
var primes = [...]uint64{prime1, prime2, prime3, prime4, prime5}
// Digest implements hash.Hash64.
//
// Note that a zero-valued Digest is not ready to receive writes.
// Call Reset or create a Digest using New before calling other methods.
type Digest struct {
v1 uint64
v2 uint64
v3 uint64
v4 uint64
total uint64
mem [32]byte
n int // how much of mem is used
}
// New creates a new Digest with a zero seed.
func New() *Digest {
return NewWithSeed(0)
}
// NewWithSeed creates a new Digest with the given seed.
func NewWithSeed(seed uint64) *Digest {
var d Digest
d.ResetWithSeed(seed)
return &d
}
// Reset clears the Digest's state so that it can be reused.
// It uses a seed value of zero.
func (d *Digest) Reset() {
d.ResetWithSeed(0)
}
// ResetWithSeed clears the Digest's state so that it can be reused.
// It uses the given seed to initialize the state.
func (d *Digest) ResetWithSeed(seed uint64) {
d.v1 = seed + prime1 + prime2
d.v2 = seed + prime2
d.v3 = seed
d.v4 = seed - prime1
d.total = 0
d.n = 0
}
// Size always returns 8 bytes.
func (d *Digest) Size() int { return 8 }
// BlockSize always returns 32 bytes.
func (d *Digest) BlockSize() int { return 32 }
// Write adds more data to d. It always returns len(b), nil.
func (d *Digest) Write(b []byte) (n int, err error) {
n = len(b)
d.total += uint64(n)
memleft := d.mem[d.n&(len(d.mem)-1):]
if d.n+n < 32 {
// This new data doesn't even fill the current block.
copy(memleft, b)
d.n += n
return
}
if d.n > 0 {
// Finish off the partial block.
c := copy(memleft, b)
d.v1 = round(d.v1, u64(d.mem[0:8]))
d.v2 = round(d.v2, u64(d.mem[8:16]))
d.v3 = round(d.v3, u64(d.mem[16:24]))
d.v4 = round(d.v4, u64(d.mem[24:32]))
b = b[c:]
d.n = 0
}
if len(b) >= 32 {
// One or more full blocks left.
nw := writeBlocks(d, b)
b = b[nw:]
}
// Store any remaining partial block.
copy(d.mem[:], b)
d.n = len(b)
return
}
// Sum appends the current hash to b and returns the resulting slice.
func (d *Digest) Sum(b []byte) []byte {
s := d.Sum64()
return append(
b,
byte(s>>56),
byte(s>>48),
byte(s>>40),
byte(s>>32),
byte(s>>24),
byte(s>>16),
byte(s>>8),
byte(s),
)
}
// Sum64 returns the current hash.
func (d *Digest) Sum64() uint64 {
var h uint64
if d.total >= 32 {
v1, v2, v3, v4 := d.v1, d.v2, d.v3, d.v4
h = rol1(v1) + rol7(v2) + rol12(v3) + rol18(v4)
h = mergeRound(h, v1)
h = mergeRound(h, v2)
h = mergeRound(h, v3)
h = mergeRound(h, v4)
} else {
h = d.v3 + prime5
}
h += d.total
b := d.mem[:d.n&(len(d.mem)-1)]
for ; len(b) >= 8; b = b[8:] {
k1 := round(0, u64(b[:8]))
h ^= k1
h = rol27(h)*prime1 + prime4
}
if len(b) >= 4 {
h ^= uint64(u32(b[:4])) * prime1
h = rol23(h)*prime2 + prime3
b = b[4:]
}
for ; len(b) > 0; b = b[1:] {
h ^= uint64(b[0]) * prime5
h = rol11(h) * prime1
}
h ^= h >> 33
h *= prime2
h ^= h >> 29
h *= prime3
h ^= h >> 32
return h
}
const (
magic = "xxh\x06"
marshaledSize = len(magic) + 8*5 + 32
)
// MarshalBinary implements the encoding.BinaryMarshaler interface.
func (d *Digest) MarshalBinary() ([]byte, error) {
b := make([]byte, 0, marshaledSize)
b = append(b, magic...)
b = appendUint64(b, d.v1)
b = appendUint64(b, d.v2)
b = appendUint64(b, d.v3)
b = appendUint64(b, d.v4)
b = appendUint64(b, d.total)
b = append(b, d.mem[:d.n]...)
b = b[:len(b)+len(d.mem)-d.n]
return b, nil
}
// UnmarshalBinary implements the encoding.BinaryUnmarshaler interface.
func (d *Digest) UnmarshalBinary(b []byte) error {
if len(b) < len(magic) || string(b[:len(magic)]) != magic {
return errors.New("xxhash: invalid hash state identifier")
}
if len(b) != marshaledSize {
return errors.New("xxhash: invalid hash state size")
}
b = b[len(magic):]
b, d.v1 = consumeUint64(b)
b, d.v2 = consumeUint64(b)
b, d.v3 = consumeUint64(b)
b, d.v4 = consumeUint64(b)
b, d.total = consumeUint64(b)
copy(d.mem[:], b)
d.n = int(d.total % uint64(len(d.mem)))
return nil
}
func appendUint64(b []byte, x uint64) []byte {
var a [8]byte
binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(a[:], x)
return append(b, a[:]...)
}
func consumeUint64(b []byte) ([]byte, uint64) {
x := u64(b)
return b[8:], x
}
func u64(b []byte) uint64 { return binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(b) }
func u32(b []byte) uint32 { return binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(b) }
func round(acc, input uint64) uint64 {
acc += input * prime2
acc = rol31(acc)
acc *= prime1
return acc
}
func mergeRound(acc, val uint64) uint64 {
val = round(0, val)
acc ^= val
acc = acc*prime1 + prime4
return acc
}
func rol1(x uint64) uint64 { return bits.RotateLeft64(x, 1) }
func rol7(x uint64) uint64 { return bits.RotateLeft64(x, 7) }
func rol11(x uint64) uint64 { return bits.RotateLeft64(x, 11) }
func rol12(x uint64) uint64 { return bits.RotateLeft64(x, 12) }
func rol18(x uint64) uint64 { return bits.RotateLeft64(x, 18) }
func rol23(x uint64) uint64 { return bits.RotateLeft64(x, 23) }
func rol27(x uint64) uint64 { return bits.RotateLeft64(x, 27) }
func rol31(x uint64) uint64 { return bits.RotateLeft64(x, 31) }
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//go:build !appengine && gc && !purego
// +build !appengine
// +build gc
// +build !purego
#include "textflag.h"
// Registers:
#define h AX
#define d AX
#define p SI // pointer to advance through b
#define n DX
#define end BX // loop end
#define v1 R8
#define v2 R9
#define v3 R10
#define v4 R11
#define x R12
#define prime1 R13
#define prime2 R14
#define prime4 DI
#define round(acc, x) \
IMULQ prime2, x \
ADDQ x, acc \
ROLQ $31, acc \
IMULQ prime1, acc
// round0 performs the operation x = round(0, x).
#define round0(x) \
IMULQ prime2, x \
ROLQ $31, x \
IMULQ prime1, x
// mergeRound applies a merge round on the two registers acc and x.
// It assumes that prime1, prime2, and prime4 have been loaded.
#define mergeRound(acc, x) \
round0(x) \
XORQ x, acc \
IMULQ prime1, acc \
ADDQ prime4, acc
// blockLoop processes as many 32-byte blocks as possible,
// updating v1, v2, v3, and v4. It assumes that there is at least one block
// to process.
#define blockLoop() \
loop: \
MOVQ +0(p), x \
round(v1, x) \
MOVQ +8(p), x \
round(v2, x) \
MOVQ +16(p), x \
round(v3, x) \
MOVQ +24(p), x \
round(v4, x) \
ADDQ $32, p \
CMPQ p, end \
JLE loop
// func Sum64(b []byte) uint64
TEXT ·Sum64(SB), NOSPLIT|NOFRAME, $0-32
// Load fixed primes.
MOVQ ·primes+0(SB), prime1
MOVQ ·primes+8(SB), prime2
MOVQ ·primes+24(SB), prime4
// Load slice.
MOVQ b_base+0(FP), p
MOVQ b_len+8(FP), n
LEAQ (p)(n*1), end
// The first loop limit will be len(b)-32.
SUBQ $32, end
// Check whether we have at least one block.
CMPQ n, $32
JLT noBlocks
// Set up initial state (v1, v2, v3, v4).
MOVQ prime1, v1
ADDQ prime2, v1
MOVQ prime2, v2
XORQ v3, v3
XORQ v4, v4
SUBQ prime1, v4
blockLoop()
MOVQ v1, h
ROLQ $1, h
MOVQ v2, x
ROLQ $7, x
ADDQ x, h
MOVQ v3, x
ROLQ $12, x
ADDQ x, h
MOVQ v4, x
ROLQ $18, x
ADDQ x, h
mergeRound(h, v1)
mergeRound(h, v2)
mergeRound(h, v3)
mergeRound(h, v4)
JMP afterBlocks
noBlocks:
MOVQ ·primes+32(SB), h
afterBlocks:
ADDQ n, h
ADDQ $24, end
CMPQ p, end
JG try4
loop8:
MOVQ (p), x
ADDQ $8, p
round0(x)
XORQ x, h
ROLQ $27, h
IMULQ prime1, h
ADDQ prime4, h
CMPQ p, end
JLE loop8
try4:
ADDQ $4, end
CMPQ p, end
JG try1
MOVL (p), x
ADDQ $4, p
IMULQ prime1, x
XORQ x, h
ROLQ $23, h
IMULQ prime2, h
ADDQ ·primes+16(SB), h
try1:
ADDQ $4, end
CMPQ p, end
JGE finalize
loop1:
MOVBQZX (p), x
ADDQ $1, p
IMULQ ·primes+32(SB), x
XORQ x, h
ROLQ $11, h
IMULQ prime1, h
CMPQ p, end
JL loop1
finalize:
MOVQ h, x
SHRQ $33, x
XORQ x, h
IMULQ prime2, h
MOVQ h, x
SHRQ $29, x
XORQ x, h
IMULQ ·primes+16(SB), h
MOVQ h, x
SHRQ $32, x
XORQ x, h
MOVQ h, ret+24(FP)
RET
// func writeBlocks(d *Digest, b []byte) int
TEXT ·writeBlocks(SB), NOSPLIT|NOFRAME, $0-40
// Load fixed primes needed for round.
MOVQ ·primes+0(SB), prime1
MOVQ ·primes+8(SB), prime2
// Load slice.
MOVQ b_base+8(FP), p
MOVQ b_len+16(FP), n
LEAQ (p)(n*1), end
SUBQ $32, end
// Load vN from d.
MOVQ s+0(FP), d
MOVQ 0(d), v1
MOVQ 8(d), v2
MOVQ 16(d), v3
MOVQ 24(d), v4
// We don't need to check the loop condition here; this function is
// always called with at least one block of data to process.
blockLoop()
// Copy vN back to d.
MOVQ v1, 0(d)
MOVQ v2, 8(d)
MOVQ v3, 16(d)
MOVQ v4, 24(d)
// The number of bytes written is p minus the old base pointer.
SUBQ b_base+8(FP), p
MOVQ p, ret+32(FP)
RET
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//go:build !appengine && gc && !purego
// +build !appengine
// +build gc
// +build !purego
#include "textflag.h"
// Registers:
#define digest R1
#define h R2 // return value
#define p R3 // input pointer
#define n R4 // input length
#define nblocks R5 // n / 32
#define prime1 R7
#define prime2 R8
#define prime3 R9
#define prime4 R10
#define prime5 R11
#define v1 R12
#define v2 R13
#define v3 R14
#define v4 R15
#define x1 R20
#define x2 R21
#define x3 R22
#define x4 R23
#define round(acc, x) \
MADD prime2, acc, x, acc \
ROR $64-31, acc \
MUL prime1, acc
// round0 performs the operation x = round(0, x).
#define round0(x) \
MUL prime2, x \
ROR $64-31, x \
MUL prime1, x
#define mergeRound(acc, x) \
round0(x) \
EOR x, acc \
MADD acc, prime4, prime1, acc
// blockLoop processes as many 32-byte blocks as possible,
// updating v1, v2, v3, and v4. It assumes that n >= 32.
#define blockLoop() \
LSR $5, n, nblocks \
PCALIGN $16 \
loop: \
LDP.P 16(p), (x1, x2) \
LDP.P 16(p), (x3, x4) \
round(v1, x1) \
round(v2, x2) \
round(v3, x3) \
round(v4, x4) \
SUB $1, nblocks \
CBNZ nblocks, loop
// func Sum64(b []byte) uint64
TEXT ·Sum64(SB), NOSPLIT|NOFRAME, $0-32
LDP b_base+0(FP), (p, n)
LDP ·primes+0(SB), (prime1, prime2)
LDP ·primes+16(SB), (prime3, prime4)
MOVD ·primes+32(SB), prime5
CMP $32, n
CSEL LT, prime5, ZR, h // if n < 32 { h = prime5 } else { h = 0 }
BLT afterLoop
ADD prime1, prime2, v1
MOVD prime2, v2
MOVD $0, v3
NEG prime1, v4
blockLoop()
ROR $64-1, v1, x1
ROR $64-7, v2, x2
ADD x1, x2
ROR $64-12, v3, x3
ROR $64-18, v4, x4
ADD x3, x4
ADD x2, x4, h
mergeRound(h, v1)
mergeRound(h, v2)
mergeRound(h, v3)
mergeRound(h, v4)
afterLoop:
ADD n, h
TBZ $4, n, try8
LDP.P 16(p), (x1, x2)
round0(x1)
// NOTE: here and below, sequencing the EOR after the ROR (using a
// rotated register) is worth a small but measurable speedup for small
// inputs.
ROR $64-27, h
EOR x1 @> 64-27, h, h
MADD h, prime4, prime1, h
round0(x2)
ROR $64-27, h
EOR x2 @> 64-27, h, h
MADD h, prime4, prime1, h
try8:
TBZ $3, n, try4
MOVD.P 8(p), x1
round0(x1)
ROR $64-27, h
EOR x1 @> 64-27, h, h
MADD h, prime4, prime1, h
try4:
TBZ $2, n, try2
MOVWU.P 4(p), x2
MUL prime1, x2
ROR $64-23, h
EOR x2 @> 64-23, h, h
MADD h, prime3, prime2, h
try2:
TBZ $1, n, try1
MOVHU.P 2(p), x3
AND $255, x3, x1
LSR $8, x3, x2
MUL prime5, x1
ROR $64-11, h
EOR x1 @> 64-11, h, h
MUL prime1, h
MUL prime5, x2
ROR $64-11, h
EOR x2 @> 64-11, h, h
MUL prime1, h
try1:
TBZ $0, n, finalize
MOVBU (p), x4
MUL prime5, x4
ROR $64-11, h
EOR x4 @> 64-11, h, h
MUL prime1, h
finalize:
EOR h >> 33, h
MUL prime2, h
EOR h >> 29, h
MUL prime3, h
EOR h >> 32, h
MOVD h, ret+24(FP)
RET
// func writeBlocks(d *Digest, b []byte) int
TEXT ·writeBlocks(SB), NOSPLIT|NOFRAME, $0-40
LDP ·primes+0(SB), (prime1, prime2)
// Load state. Assume v[1-4] are stored contiguously.
MOVD d+0(FP), digest
LDP 0(digest), (v1, v2)
LDP 16(digest), (v3, v4)
LDP b_base+8(FP), (p, n)
blockLoop()
// Store updated state.
STP (v1, v2), 0(digest)
STP (v3, v4), 16(digest)
BIC $31, n
MOVD n, ret+32(FP)
RET
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//go:build (amd64 || arm64) && !appengine && gc && !purego
// +build amd64 arm64
// +build !appengine
// +build gc
// +build !purego
package xxhash
// Sum64 computes the 64-bit xxHash digest of b with a zero seed.
//
//go:noescape
func Sum64(b []byte) uint64
//go:noescape
func writeBlocks(d *Digest, b []byte) int
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//go:build (!amd64 && !arm64) || appengine || !gc || purego
// +build !amd64,!arm64 appengine !gc purego
package xxhash
// Sum64 computes the 64-bit xxHash digest of b with a zero seed.
func Sum64(b []byte) uint64 {
// A simpler version would be
// d := New()
// d.Write(b)
// return d.Sum64()
// but this is faster, particularly for small inputs.
n := len(b)
var h uint64
if n >= 32 {
v1 := primes[0] + prime2
v2 := prime2
v3 := uint64(0)
v4 := -primes[0]
for len(b) >= 32 {
v1 = round(v1, u64(b[0:8:len(b)]))
v2 = round(v2, u64(b[8:16:len(b)]))
v3 = round(v3, u64(b[16:24:len(b)]))
v4 = round(v4, u64(b[24:32:len(b)]))
b = b[32:len(b):len(b)]
}
h = rol1(v1) + rol7(v2) + rol12(v3) + rol18(v4)
h = mergeRound(h, v1)
h = mergeRound(h, v2)
h = mergeRound(h, v3)
h = mergeRound(h, v4)
} else {
h = prime5
}
h += uint64(n)
for ; len(b) >= 8; b = b[8:] {
k1 := round(0, u64(b[:8]))
h ^= k1
h = rol27(h)*prime1 + prime4
}
if len(b) >= 4 {
h ^= uint64(u32(b[:4])) * prime1
h = rol23(h)*prime2 + prime3
b = b[4:]
}
for ; len(b) > 0; b = b[1:] {
h ^= uint64(b[0]) * prime5
h = rol11(h) * prime1
}
h ^= h >> 33
h *= prime2
h ^= h >> 29
h *= prime3
h ^= h >> 32
return h
}
func writeBlocks(d *Digest, b []byte) int {
v1, v2, v3, v4 := d.v1, d.v2, d.v3, d.v4
n := len(b)
for len(b) >= 32 {
v1 = round(v1, u64(b[0:8:len(b)]))
v2 = round(v2, u64(b[8:16:len(b)]))
v3 = round(v3, u64(b[16:24:len(b)]))
v4 = round(v4, u64(b[24:32:len(b)]))
b = b[32:len(b):len(b)]
}
d.v1, d.v2, d.v3, d.v4 = v1, v2, v3, v4
return n - len(b)
}
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//go:build appengine
// +build appengine
// This file contains the safe implementations of otherwise unsafe-using code.
package xxhash
// Sum64String computes the 64-bit xxHash digest of s with a zero seed.
func Sum64String(s string) uint64 {
return Sum64([]byte(s))
}
// WriteString adds more data to d. It always returns len(s), nil.
func (d *Digest) WriteString(s string) (n int, err error) {
return d.Write([]byte(s))
}
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//go:build !appengine
// +build !appengine
// This file encapsulates usage of unsafe.
// xxhash_safe.go contains the safe implementations.
package xxhash
import (
"unsafe"
)
// In the future it's possible that compiler optimizations will make these
// XxxString functions unnecessary by realizing that calls such as
// Sum64([]byte(s)) don't need to copy s. See https://go.dev/issue/2205.
// If that happens, even if we keep these functions they can be replaced with
// the trivial safe code.
// NOTE: The usual way of doing an unsafe string-to-[]byte conversion is:
//
// var b []byte
// bh := (*reflect.SliceHeader)(unsafe.Pointer(&b))
// bh.Data = (*reflect.StringHeader)(unsafe.Pointer(&s)).Data
// bh.Len = len(s)
// bh.Cap = len(s)
//
// Unfortunately, as of Go 1.15.3 the inliner's cost model assigns a high enough
// weight to this sequence of expressions that any function that uses it will
// not be inlined. Instead, the functions below use a different unsafe
// conversion designed to minimize the inliner weight and allow both to be
// inlined. There is also a test (TestInlining) which verifies that these are
// inlined.
//
// See https://github.com/golang/go/issues/42739 for discussion.
// Sum64String computes the 64-bit xxHash digest of s with a zero seed.
// It may be faster than Sum64([]byte(s)) by avoiding a copy.
func Sum64String(s string) uint64 {
b := *(*[]byte)(unsafe.Pointer(&sliceHeader{s, len(s)}))
return Sum64(b)
}
// WriteString adds more data to d. It always returns len(s), nil.
// It may be faster than Write([]byte(s)) by avoiding a copy.
func (d *Digest) WriteString(s string) (n int, err error) {
d.Write(*(*[]byte)(unsafe.Pointer(&sliceHeader{s, len(s)})))
// d.Write always returns len(s), nil.
// Ignoring the return output and returning these fixed values buys a
// savings of 6 in the inliner's cost model.
return len(s), nil
}
// sliceHeader is similar to reflect.SliceHeader, but it assumes that the layout
// of the first two words is the same as the layout of a string.
type sliceHeader struct {
s string
cap int
}